From Foreign Policy · Matthew Kroenig · · 4m
Why America needs weapons in space
Space is already militarized. The U.S. must deploy offensive weapons to deter adversaries and protect its vulnerable satellite infrastructure.
In brief
Space is already militarized. The U.S. must deploy offensive weapons to deter adversaries and protect its vulnerable satellite infrastructure. The U.S. should develop and deploy space-based weapons now because adversaries like China and Russia are already testing offensive capabilities, and American military…
Trump's space force uniforms spark debate

President Trump unveiled new Space Force uniforms to criticism, but the real issue is America's future space strategy and military readiness.
U.S. deploys weapons in space
The Air Force revealed it has deployed on-orbit space control weapons capable of defending against hostile adversary action, marking a major shift in military doctrine.
Space militarization is already here
Since the 1950s, major powers have deployed weapons through space like ICBMs. Since the 1960s, they've used satellites for surveillance and military support.
Adversaries developing anti-satellite weapons

China conducted a direct-ascent anti-satellite test in 2007. U.S. adversaries have ground-based weapons designed to destroy satellites in orbit.
The restraint line is breaking
Governments historically avoided placing weapons in orbit, but this restraint is eroding as countries develop new space weapons and test them openly.
China's orbital bombardment breakthrough
In 2021, China tested a fractional orbital bombardment system, launching a hypersonic weapon into orbit that traveled around the world before descending. This was called a Sputnik moment.
FOBS threatens U.S. leadership
A fractional orbital bombardment system is a perfect first-strike weapon. The U.S. has only 30 minutes to respond to an ICBM, but much less warning time for a weapon dropping from directly overhead.
Satellites becoming anti-satellite weapons
Any maneuverable satellite can crash into another satellite. China and Russia demonstrate this by steering satellites close to American ones. Satellites could also carry projectiles or directed energy weapons.
Russia's nuclear space threat
Reports suggest Russia could place a nuclear weapon in orbit, violating the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Detonating it in low-Earth orbit could disable thousands of satellites.
America's unique vulnerability
The U.S. is the world's leading space-faring nation but relies heavily on satellites for military communications and intelligence. This makes it uniquely vulnerable to space attacks.
War without space would be catastrophic
Without space-based assets, the U.S. military would be blind and unable to communicate. The U.S. might be tempted to use nuclear weapons first to avoid defeat.
Economic damage from space conflict
GPS and other military satellites power commercial apps like Google Maps and Uber. A space war would halt commercial activity and debris could ruin entire orbits for years.
Arms control won't work with China and Russia
China refuses serious arms control talks and Russia repeatedly cheats on agreements. Neither wants to lock in U.S. space superiority, making effective treaties unlikely.
Defense alone is insufficient
The U.S. can build resilient satellite constellations, but this isn't enough. China and Russia are aggressively testing offensive capabilities and may have already deployed space weapons.
Offense prevents catastrophic first strikes
If Russia placed a nuclear weapon in orbit, the U.S. should have offensive capabilities to disable it before detonation. Waiting for a hit is strategically indefensible.
Satellite conflict won't trigger world war
Critics worry that offensive space operations could cause accidental war, but a damaged satellite won't create the pressure for lethal retaliation that would spark escalation.
Space deterrence is affordable
With a 1.5 trillion dollar defense budget, the U.S. has resources for space weapons. When the entire military depends on orbital assets, space deterrence is a top priority.
Space arms race favors America
An arms race is better than deterrence failure and war. The U.S. is a financial superpower. If space superiority requires outspending rivals, Washington should welcome this competition.
Prepare for war to keep the peace
New military domains emerge with technology, but military strategy's logic remains constant. In space as on Earth, if you want peace, prepare for war.
“In space as on Earth, if you want peace, prepare for war.”
The one thing
The U.S. should develop and deploy space-based weapons now because adversaries like China and Russia are already testing offensive capabilities, and American military superiority depends on protecting orbital assets.




